Smartphone-Based Virtual and Augmented Reality Implicit Association Training (VARIAT) for Reducing Implicit Biases Toward Patients Among Health Care Providers: App Development and Pilot Testing.

Background: Implicit bias is as prevalent among health care professionals as among the wider population and is significantly associated with lower health care quality. Objective: The study goal was to develop and evaluate the preliminary efficacy of an innovative mobile app, VARIAT (Virtual and Augmented Reality Implicit Association Training), to reduce implicit biases among Medicaid providers. Methods: An interdisciplinary team developed 2 interactive case-based training modules for Medicaid providers focused on implicit bias related to race and socioeconomic status (SES) and sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), respectively. The simulations combine experiential learning, facilitated debriefing, and game-based educational strategies. Medicaid providers (n=18) participated in this pilot study. Outcomes were measured on 3 domains: training reactions, affective knowledge, and skill-based knowledge related to implicit biases in race/SES or SOGI. Results: Participants reported high relevance of training to their job for both the race/SES module (mean score 4.75, SD 0.45) and SOGI module (mean score 4.67, SD 0.50). Significant improvement in skill-based knowledge for minimizing health disparities for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer patients was found after training (Cohen d=0.72; 95% CI -1.38 to -0.04). Conclusions: This study developed an innovative smartphone-based implicit bias training program for Medicaid providers and conducted a pilot evaluation on the user experience and preliminary efficacy. Preliminary evidence showed positive satisfaction and preliminary efficacy of the intervention.

Efficacy of a virtual reality-based cognitive interactive training program for children with traumatic brain injuries: study protocol for a parallel-group randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability in children. Cognitive rehabilitation for this population is critical for their long-term health outcomes. This trial aims to evaluate the efficacy of a virtual reality-based program (VICT) for training executive functions in children with TBI. METHODS: A parallel group randomized controlled trial will be conducted among up to 32 children with TBI. Children in the intervention group will receive the VICT training while children in the control group will play a comparable VR game without executive function training. Each participant will be assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up. Outcomes will include core executive functions, attention, and health-related quality of life measured by computerized tasks or standardized questionnaires. DISCUSSION: Cognitive rehabilitation is among the top healthcare needs for pediatric TBI patients. Virtual reality-based training is promising due to its versatile content, flexibility, and potential cost savings for both patients and providers. Findings of this trial will provide data on the efficacy of the VICT program on core executive functions, attention problems, and health-related quality of life and serve as the empirical foundation for future larger multi-site effectiveness trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04526639 . Registered on August 18, 2020.

Polyvinylidene Fluoride Based Piezoelectric Composites with Strong Interfacial Adhesion via Click Chemistry for Self-Powered Flexible Sensors.

Achieving relatively uniform dispersion in organic-inorganic composites with overwhelming differences in surface energy is a perennial challenge. Herein, novel eliminated polyvinylidene fluoride (EPVDF)/EPVDF functionalized barium titanate nanoparticles (EPVDF@BT) flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with strong interfacial adhesion are developed via thermal stretching following sequential click chemistry. Thanks to the strong interfacial adhesion, the optimal PENGs containing ultra-high ß-phase content (97.2%) exhibit not only optimized mechanical and dielectric behaviors but also excellent piezoelectric properties with high piezoelectric output (V = 10.7 V, I = 216 nA), reliable durability (8000 cycles), ultrafast response time (20 ms), and good sensitivity (2.09 nA kPa-1 ), far outperforming most reported PVDF-based composites. Furthermore, COMSOL finite element simulations (FEM) confirm that the elevated stress transfer efficiency induced by the strong interfacial adhesion is the main driving force for enhanced piezoelectric performances. For practical applications, self-powered PENGs can simply but stably capture mechanical energy, drive tiny electronic devices, and serve as potential multifunctional and durable sensors for detecting human physiological motions. This work opens a pioneering avenue to break the trade-offs between piezoelectric and other properties, which is of great importance for developing self-powered flexible sensors.

A scoping review of research on potential impact of implicit bias in healthcare settings for children with acquired brain injuries.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a leading cause of disability in children and adolescents. Implicit biases within pediatric ABI healthcare settings may exert negative effects on clinical interactions and medical decision-making processes. This study aimed to conduct a scoping review of current research that examines the potential impact of implicit biases in such healthcare settings for children with ABI. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN: Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a search among five databases (CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed, PsycArticles, and PsycInfo) was conducted, followed by abstract/full-text screening and data extraction. Main characteristics of the included studies, including research design, relevance to implicit biases, and public health impact were synthesized. The risk of bias of included studies was assessed. RESULTS: Out of the 203 articles returned from the literature search, a total of three studies met the inclusion criteria for the present review. All studies examined the relevance of racial/ethnic biases for evaluating abusive head trauma or nonaccidental trauma. The included studies had an overall unclear to low risk of biases. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: This scoping review identified scarce but emerging evidence of the presence and detrimental impact of potential implicit biases on the access and quality of care received by children with ABI. More research is needed to examine the causes, process mechanisms, and consequences of implicit biases in pediatric ABI healthcare settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Correlates of Longitudinal Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injuries.

OBJECTIVE: Depression poses a significant threat to the health and well-being of adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Existing research has limitations in longitudinal follow-up period, consideration of sample heterogeneity, and outcome measurement modeling. This study aimed to address these gaps by applying the second-order growth mixture model (SO-GMM) to examine the 10-year post-injury depression trajectories in adolescents with TBI. METHODS: A total of 1,989 adolescents with TBI 16-21 years old from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model System National Data Bank were analyzed up to 10 years post-injury. Depressive symptoms were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, employment, Functional Independence Measure Cognition, TBI severity, pre-injury disability, and substance use. Longitudinal measurement invariance was tested at the configural, metric, and scalar levels before SO-GMM was fit. Logistic regression was conducted for disparities in depression trajectories by covariates. RESULTS: A 2-class SO-GMM was identified with a low-stable group (85% of the sample) and a high-increasing group (15% of the sample) on depression levels. Older age, being a Native American, and having Hispanic origin was associated with a higher likelihood of being in the high-increasing class (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.165-4.989 and 1.609, respectively), while patients with higher education and being male were less likely to be in the high-increasing class (ORs = 0.735 and 0.557, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the disparities in depression among two distinct longitudinal groups of adolescents with TBI 10 years post-injury. Findings of the study are informative for intervention development to improve long-term mental health in adolescents with TBI.

Tidal Variations of Fish Larvae Measured Using a 15-Day Continuous Ichthyoplankton Survey in Subei Shoal: Management Implications for the Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) Population in Yancheng Nature Reserve.

The National Yancheng Rare Birds Nature Reserve is a vitally important staging habitat for the wild population of red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) in China. The population relies on local high-protein food sources, such as fish juveniles, to fuel their migratory journeys. However, little is known about the ecology of the fish larvae and juveniles that migrate to the inshore area via tidal rhythm in Subei Shoal, which is adjacent to the reserve. Therefore, we used a fixed study station (32°55'1.2″ N, 121°19'58.8″ E) to conduct a continuous 15-day ichthyoplankton survey at 2 h intervals beginning at 05:00 on 25 April and ending at 03:00 on 10 May 2019. We identified the tidal variations in the number of fish larvae and juveniles and the number at various developmental stages and assessed how they were related to environmental variables such as sea surface temperature, salinity, turbidity, and tidal height in the Dafeng Sea area of Subei Shoal. We found that the number of species and larval individuals were highest and lowest, respectively, at the highest and lowest tidal height, and they obviously increased and decreased with the rising and ebb tide, respectively. Our findings indicate that the variation in numbers of the larvae and juveniles depends on species and developmental stage. The species Acanthogobius ommaturus, Pholis fangi, Cynoglossus joyneri, Liza haematocheila, and Lateolabrax japonicus and the total number of larvae were most influenced by tidal height. These results provide a better understanding of the habitat of prey species of the red-crowned crane wild population as well as scientific data that can be applied to manage the wild population in the reserve sustainably.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Virtual Reality Pedestrian Interventions to Teach Children How to Cross Streets Safely.

OBJECTIVE: Over 7,000 American children die from pedestrian injuries annually, and pedestrian injury ranks among the top 5 causes of unintentional child death. Prevention efforts are multifaceted. One strategy, use of virtual reality (VR) to teach children to cross streets, is of growing interest to public health practitioners. The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis that examined the efficacy of using VR to teach children pedestrian safety. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, searches among 7 databases were completed, followed by abstract/full-text screening and data extraction. Hedge's g was computed for the effect sizes of 3 outcomes: pedestrian knowledge, pedestrian-relevant cognition (attention to traffic, time to contact, start delay), and pedestrian behaviors (safe crossings, unsafe crossings). Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane guidelines. Meta-regression analyses and subgroup analyses were conducted including 3 moderators: age, sex, and immersion level. RESULTS: A total of 20 studies, reported in 24 articles, were included in the qualitative analysis. Meta-analysis of the 12 studies with sufficient quantitative data available showed a statistically significant medium effect of VR safety interventions on child pedestrian knowledge and behavior. Mixed results emerged for the effect of VR safety interventions on children's pedestrian-relevant cognition. Age and sex moderated the effect of VR training on pedestrian knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: This synthesis of the literature on pediatric VR pedestrian safety interventions suggests an overall beneficial impact of VR interventions to teach children how to cross streets safely. Efforts should continue to develop and disseminate effective VR interventions. REGISTRATION ID: CRD42022309352.

The Economic Burden of Injuries in Children With ADHD in the U.S. From 2011 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have examined the economic burden of and sociodemographic disparities in injuries on families of children with ADHD on a national scale. The objective of this study was to address these literature gaps. METHODS: Data from 7,102 children with ADHD aged 5 to 17 years in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2011 to 2020 were analyzed for national trends, annualized average, and sociodemographic disparities in injury-related medical expenditures among children with ADHD. RESULTS: The national economic burden of injuries for children with ADHD has nearly doubled over the10-year period. These costs were covered by private insurance (62%), public insurance (29%), and families (9%). Asian race was associated with higher total and family expenditures while having low income and public insurance were associated with lower family expenditures. CONCLUSIONS: Families and society carry significant and increasing economic burdens related to injuries in children with ADHD. Sociodemographic disparities are substantial and of policy relevance.

α-Amino Radical-Mediated Difunctionalization of Alkenes with Polyhaloalkanes and N-Heteroarenes.

Herein, we report a mild and practical protocol for the α-perchloroalkyl ß-heteroarylation of alkenes using available chloroform as the dichloromethyl source via α-amino radical-mediated halogen-atom transfer. Various substrates are compatible under mild reaction conditions, providing the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. This strategy gives an efficient and convenient method for the introduction of chloroalkyl motifs into N-heteroarenes. The control experiment demonstrates that the α-amino radical generated in situ is a key intermediate in the transformation.

A Population-Based Study on Injury Risk and Disparities Among Children With ADHD.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired attention and inhibitory control put children with ADHD at potentially high risk of injury-one of the leading causes of disability in the general pediatric population. Existing research has yet to examine this important health risk using nationally representative samples. This population-based study aimed to address this gap. METHODS: National estimates of injury occurrences were generated from 66,236 children in the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey 2010-2019 datasets. Multiple logistic regression models further examined the impact of injury type, age, race/ethnicity, sex, parental education, income, marital and insurance status on injury prevalence. RESULTS: Compared to children without ADHD, those with ADHD have significantly higher injury prevalence (OR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.07, 1.33]) across injury types and most sociodemographic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD are more likely to experience injury. Future research should investigate mechanisms of injury disparities to inform future preventive efforts.

Toward the Speed Limit of Phase-Change Memory.

Phase-change memory (PCM) is one of the most promising candidates for next-generation data-storage technology, the programming speed of which has enhanced within a timescale from milliseconds to sub-nanosecond (≈500 ps) through decades of effort. As the potential applications of PCM strongly depend on the switching speed, namely, the time required for the recrystallization of amorphous chalcogenide media, the finding of the ultimate crystallization speed is of great importance both theoretically and practically. In this work, through systematic analysis of discovered phase-change materials and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, elemental Sb-based PCM is predicted to have a superfast crystallization speed. Indeed, such cells experimentally present extremely fast crystallization speeds within 360 ps. Remarkably, the recrystallization process is further sped up as the device shrinks, and a record-fast crystallization speed of only 242 ps is achieved in 60 nm-size devices. These findings open opportunities for dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)-like and even cache-like PCM using appropriate storage materials.

Hierarchical Flower-like WO3 Nanospheres Decorated with Bimetallic Au and Pd for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone Biomarker.

Listeria monocytogenes, which is abundant in environment, can lead to many kinds of serious illnesses and even death. Nowadays, indirectly detecting the metabolite biomarker of L. monocytogenes, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, has been verified to be an effective way to evaluate the contamination of L. monocytogenes. However, this detection approach is still limited by sensitivity, selectivity, and ppb-level detection limit. Herein, low-cost and highly sensitive and selective 3-hydroxy-2-butanone sensors have been proposed based on the bimetallic AuPd decorated hierarchical flower-like WO3 nanospheres. Notably, the 1.0 wt % AuPd-WO3 based sensors displayed the highest sensitivity (Ra/Rg = 84 @ 1 ppm) at 250 °C. In addition, the sensors showed outstanding selectivity, rapid response/recovery (8/4 s @ 10 ppm), and low detection limit (100 ppb). Furthermore, the evaluation of L. monocytogenes with high sensitivity and specificity has been achieved using 1.0 wt % AuPd-WO3 based sensors. Such a marvelous sensing performance benefits from the synergistic effect of bimetallic AuPd nanoparticles, which lead to thicker electron depletion layer and increased adsorbed oxygen species. Meanwhile, the unique hierarchical nanostructure of the flower-like WO3 nanospheres benefits the gas-sensing performance. The AuPd-WO3 nanosphere-based sensors exhibit a particular and highly selective method to detect 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, foreseeing a feasible route for the rapid and nondestructive evaluation of foodborne pathogens.

Neuromorphic Photonic Memory Devices Using Ultrafast, Non-Volatile Phase-Change Materials.

The search for ultrafast photonic memory devices is inspired by the ever-increasing number of cloud-computing, supercomputing, and artificial-intelligence applications, together with the unique advantages of signal processing in the optical domain such as high speed, large bandwidth, and low energy consumption. By embracing silicon photonics with chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs), non-volatile integrated photonic memory is developed with promising potential in photonic integrated circuits and nanophotonic applications. While conventional PCMs suffer from slow crystallization speed, scandium-doped antimony telluride (SST) has been recently developed for ultrafast phase-change random-access memory applications. An ultrafast non-volatile photonic memory based on an SST thin film with a 2 ns write/erase speed is demonstrated, which is the fastest write/erase speed ever reported in integrated phase-change photonic devices. SST-based photonic memories exhibit multilevel capabilities and good stability at room temperature. By mapping the memory level to the biological synapse weight, an artificial neural network based on photonic memory devices is successfully established for image classification. Additionally, a reflective nanodisplay application using SST with optoelectronic modulation capabilities is demonstrated. Both the optical and electrical changes in SST during the phase transition and the fast-switching speed demonstrate their potential for use in photonic computing, neuromorphic computing, nanophotonics, and optoelectronic applications.

Family matters: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of family-oriented interventions for children with acquired brain injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a leading cause of disability among children. An increasing number of programs have emerged to involve family members as an integral component of post-ABI rehabilitation. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of such programs among children with ABI. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, search among six databases (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL) was conducted, followed by abstract/full-text screening and data extraction. Hedge's g was computed for effect sizes. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane guidelines. Meta-regression analyses were conducted on six moderators. RESULTS: A total of 32 studies (reported in 37 articles) were included in the qualitative analysis. Meta-analysis of 20 studies showed a positive small-to-medium effect of family-oriented interventions on child and parental outcomes but not on family functioning. Study design moderated the effect sizes of parent outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study synthesized the latest empirical evidence of family-oriented rehabilitation programs for pediatric ABI across interventional strategies, study designs, and outcomes. The findings suggested an overall beneficial impact of such programs on both the pediatric patients and their caregivers.

Recent advances in the application of Langlois' reagent in olefin difunctionalization.

In this review, we summarise the recent applications of Langlois' reagent in the radical-mediated difunctionalization of alkenes. Among the various trifluoromethylation reagents, Langlois' reagent is an exceptional compound, and many important organic transformations have been realized by employing such reagents. Various organic transformations of Langlois' reagent, especially in radical chemistry, have been developed in recent years. This review describes several key activation methods for Langlois' reagent in the difunctionalization of alkenes by showcasing selected cornerstone research areas and related mechanisms to stimulate the interest of readers in promoting the wider development and application of Langlois' reagent.

Usability and validity of a virtual reality cognitive assessment tool for pediatric traumatic brain injury.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: Deficits in executive functions are prevalent among children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Assessing cognitive impairment is critical for evaluating and monitoring recovery. The present article reports a pilot study to evaluate the preliminary usability and validity of a virtual reality cognitive assessment tool (VR-CAT) specifically designed for children with TBI. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN: A total of 54 children, 24 with TBI and 30 with orthopedic injury, participated in a cross-sectional cohort study at a Level-1 trauma center. The VR-CAT was evaluated in terms of user experience as well as preliminary psychometric properties including test-retest reliability, face validity, concurrent validity with two standard executive function assessment tools, and utility in distinguishing the TBI and orthopedic injury groups. RESULTS: Children in both groups reported high levels of usability (i.e., enjoyment and motivation). The VR-CAT composite and scores on tests of inhibitory control and working memory demonstrated modest test-retest reliability across two independent assessment visits, as well as acceptable face validity, modest concurrent validity, and clinical utility. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The present study is among the first to evaluate the applicability of an immersive VR-CAT in children with TBI. The findings support high usability, adequate psychometric properties, and satisfactory clinical utility of the VR-CAT, suggesting it is a promising tool for assessing executive functions in this vulnerable population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Switchable Piezoelectricity of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films Induced by Crystal Transition in Shape Memory Process.

With the rapid development of wearable self-powered devices, the piezoelectric materials having deformable and switchable characteristics are attracting extensive attention. Herein, the cross-linked polyvinylidene fluoride (cPVDF) was fabricated through an alkali-catalyzed defluorination and chemical cross-linking method by introducing trimethylhexamethylenediamine (THDA). The system filled with 1 wt % THDA (CP1) was proved to possess balanced cross-linking density and crystallinity, which would play a crucial role in achieving a switchable piezoelectric effect. In comparison to pristine PVDF, the cross-linked one exhibited repeatable shape memory characterization due to restrained plastic deformation above the melting transition. Both the shape-fixing and shape-recovery ratios were stably maintained above 90%. More significantly, the thermo-mechanical program also triggered the α-ß-α crystal transition accompanied by the variation of conformational entropy. The largest amount of ß crystals was produced in the temporary shape, whereas the original and recovery shapes were dominated by α crystals. Such structural transition occurred repeatedly in the successive shape memory cycles, which thereby induced the periodic fluctuation of the piezoelectric constant (d33). For the CP1 sample, its d33 was only about 2 pC/N in the original and recovery shapes but reached up to 9.4 pC/N in the temporary shape. When the latter one was fabricated into a piezoelectric device, alternating voltage and current were generated by performing periodic impact force and were demonstrated to be capable of monitoring some pressure-related motions in real time without an external power supply. Finally, the switchable piezoelectric effect of the CP1 at different shape memory stages was further revealed through its electroactive response to the sinusoidal voltage stimulation. This work offers a special perspective in tailoring piezoelectric performance through the structural transition in shape memory progress, which is of great significance for enriching the types and applications of piezoelectric polymers.

VR-based cognitive rehabilitation for children with traumatic brain injuries: Feasibility and safety.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired disability in children, who are at risk of significant impairment in executive function (EF). Virtual reality technology provides a novel strategy to offer rich and immersive training content that is both appealing to children and of potential value in improving their daily functioning. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of implementing an innovative VR-based interactive cognitive training (VICT) system for EF rehabilitation designed to meet the developmental and clinical needs of children with TBI. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN: A parallel-group random-block randomized controlled trial was conducted among 26 children 7-17 years with TBI, who completed baseline, postintervention, and 2-month follow-up visits. Feasibility was assessed for recruiting children, measuring outcomes, and implementing the intervention. VR satisfaction was assessed via 5-point Likert scales. Safety outcomes included simulator sickness (0-4) and physical exertion (6-20). Preliminary efficacy was assessed by NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery tasks. RESULTS: Findings supported the feasibility of recruitment, outcome assessment, and delivery of the intervention. The intervention group reported adequate VR satisfaction in terms of pleasure (M = 3.25, SD = .50) and motivation (M = 2.75, SD = .96), as well as low levels of physical exertion (M = 6.25, SD = .50) and simulator sickness (M = .16, SD = .19). Preliminary evidence supported potential efficacy of the intervention, particularly for moderate and severe TBIs. CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS: The present study found high feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of the VICT system. Further research is required to fully examine the intervention's efficacy as a possible rehabilitation tool for children with TBI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Selective Mono- and Diamination of Ketones in a Combined Copper-Organocatalyst System.

Herein, we report a simple and mild protocol for the chemoselective mono- and diamination of ketone using pyrazole as the amine source in a combined copper-organocatalyst system. Various substrates are compatible, providing the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. This strategy gives an efficient and convenient solution for the synthesis of α-pyrazole and α,α-dipyrazole ketone derivatives. The control experiment demonstrates that in situ generated hydrazone is a key intermediate in the transformation.

Ultra-efficient trimethylamine gas sensor based on Au nanoparticles sensitized WO3 nanosheets for rapid assessment of seafood freshness.

Trimethylamine (TMA) is an organic amine gas used as an important index to assess the seafood freshness. In this work, an ultra-efficient trimethylamine gas sensor was constructed by ultrasonic treatment loading of Au nanoparticles (∼4 nm) on WO3 nanosheets prepared by solvothermal self-assembly method. The response of the sensor to 25 ppm TMA was as high as 217.72 (Rair/Rgas) at 300 ℃. In addition, the Au/WO3 nanosheets sensor exhibited rapid response-recovery time (8 s/6 s), low detection limit (0.5 ppm), and high selective detection of TMA. Moreover, the composition of volatiles produced by decay of Larimichthys crocea (0-15 days) was examined, which proved that the detection of TMA by the Au/WO3 sensor can evaluate the freshness of Larimichthys crocea. Such a magnificent gas sensing performance reveals that the Au/WO3 sensor has remarkable application potential in rapid and non-destructive seafood freshness assessment on the spot.